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Tuesday, June 19, 2018

Ecology Notes (NEET-2)

 Some cool facts about Ecology
• 75% of all animals are beetles.
• Cockroaches can live weeks without their head (and their heads can
stay alive without their bodies!).
• 70% of the world’s fresh water is stored in Antarctica’s ice.
• Homeowners use up to 10 times more toxic chemicals per acre than
farmers
• In Peru a single bush may contain more ant species than in the British
Isles.
• A single porcupine is known to kill 100 trees in one winter
• Projections for the 21st century indicate that the earth's average
temperature will rise by anything between 1.4 and 5.8

Ecological pyramids:
(1) The number, biomass and energy of organisms gradually decrease from the producer level to the consumer level. This can be represented in the form of a pyramid called ecological pyramid.

(2) Ecological pyramid is the graphic representation of the number, biomass, and energy of the successive trophic levels of an ecosystem.

(3) The use of ecological pyramid was first described by Charles Elton in 1927.

(4) In the ecological pyramid, the producer forms the base and the final consumer occupies the apex.

(5) There are three types of ecological pyramids, namely:

(i) The pyramid of number:
The number of individuals at the trophic level decreases from the producer level to the consumer level. That is, in an ecosystem the number of producers is far high. The number of herbivores is lesser than the producers. Similarly, the number of carnivores is lesser than the herbivores.

(i) In a cropland ecosystem: In croplands the crops are more in numbers. The grasshoppers feeding on crop plants are lesser in number. The frogs feeding on grasshopper are still lesser in number. The snakes feeding on frogs are fewer in number.

                                    Crop -> Grasshopper -> Frogs -> Snakes -> Hawks

(ii) In a grassland ecosystem: In grassland the grasses are there in large numbers. The consumers decrease in the following order.

                                                Grass -> Grasshopper -> Lizard -> Hawk

                                                            Grass -> Rabbit -> Fox -> Lion

(iii) In a pond ecosystem: The number in a pond ecosystem decreases in the following order.

                                    Phytoplankton -> Zooplankton -> Fishes -> Snakes

(b) The pyramid of biomass:
Biomass refers to the total weight of living matter per unit area. In an ecosystem the biomass decreases from the producer level to the consumer level.

(c) Pyramid of energy:
The energy flows in an ecosystem from the producer level to the consumer level. At each trophic level 80 to 90% of energy is lost. Hence the amount of energy decreases from the producer level to the consumer level. This can be represented in a pyramid of energy level to the consumer level. This can be represented in a pyramid of energy
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Monday, June 18, 2018

इन रोचक तथ्यों की जानकारी क्या आपको पता है ?

1. आजतक इतिहास में एक भी ऐसी घटना नही हुई है कि किसी स्वस्थ भेड़िये ने इंसान पर हमला कर दिया हो।

2. धरती पर कीड़ों की उत्पती मनुष्य से पहली हुई मानी जाती है। पहले तो सभी कीड़े एक जैसे थे मगर भिन्न हालातों में रहने के कारण इन की शारीरीक संरचना में थोड़ा-थोड़ा अंन्तर आ गया और इन की कई प्रजातीयां अस्तितव में आ गई।
Types of insects - FactGyan
Insects Classification


3. मधुमक्खियाँ सिर्फ आधा किलो शहद बनाने के लिए बीस लाख फूलों का उपयोग करती है और 1 लाख किलोमीटर से भी ज्यादा यात्रा करती हैं। इतनी यात्रा धरती के ढाई चक्कर लगाने के बराबर है।


4. ग्रामीण इलाकों के एक वर्ग मील के क्षेत्र में जितने कीड़े पाए जाते हैं उनकी गिणती धरती पर मौजुद सभी मनुष्यों से ज्यादा है।
Photo of village FactGyan

5. एक बंबर मक्खी 1 सैकेड में 160 बार अपना पंख हिला सकती है।

6. 85% लोग सोने से पहले वो सब सोचते हैं जो वो अपनी जिंदगी में करना चाहते।
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Ecology Notes (NEET)

Definitions


Population - A group of organisms from the same species who are living together at the same time in the same place that if reproducing sexually can interbreed.

Community - All the populations of different species living together in one area at the same time.

Habitat - The place where a organism species, population or community is living.

Ecosystem - All the communities as well as non-living parts of an area together make up an ecosystem.

Biosphere - All of earth’s ecosystems together make one large ecosystem known as the biosphere.

Producers - Plants and some photosynthetic bacteria who transfer energy from the sunlight into organic compounds which in most cases take the form of carbohydrates.

Consumers - All organisms who consume the energy created by the producers either directly or indirectly.

Productivity - The amount of energy in each organism in each trophic level over a set period of time.


Energy flow:


(1) The transfer of energy from one trophic level to another trophic level is called energy flow.

(2) The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. That is, it flows from the producer level to the consumer level and never in the reverse direction. Hence energy can be used only once in the ecosystem.

(3) But the minerals circulate and recirculate many times in the ecosystem.

(4) A large amount of energy is lost at each trophic level.

(5) It is estimated that 90% of the energy is lost when it is transferred from one trophic level to another.

(6) Only about 10% of the biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next one is a food chain. And only about 10% of chemical energy is retained at each trophic level. This is called 10% law of Lindeman (1942).


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Saturday, June 16, 2018

कुछ रोचक 07 Animal Facts जो आपको किताबों में नही मिलेगें

कुछ रोचक 07 Animal Facts जो आपको किताबों में नही मिलेगें
 
1. बाघ का वैज्ञानिक नाम पेंथेरा टिग्रिस है। यह भारत का राष्ट्रीय पशु भी है। बाघ शब्द संस्कृत के व्याघ्र का तदभव रूप है।



2. भारत के बाघ को एक अलग प्रजाति माना जाता है, जिसका वैज्ञानिक नाम है पेंथेरा टाइग्रिस टाइग्रिस।


3. बाघ की नौ प्रजातियों में से तीन अब विलुप्त हो चुकी हैं।

4. एक आंकड़े के अनुसार 1800 से लेकर 2009 तक बाघों ने 3,73,000 मनुष्यों की जान ली है |

5. विश्व का सबसे छोटा साँप थ्रेड स्नेक होता है। जो कैरेबियन सागर के सेट लुसिया माटिनिक तथा वारवडोस आदि द्वीपों में पाया जाता है वह केवल 10-12 सेंटीमीटर लंबा होता है।


6. कुछ प्रागैतिहासिक प्रजातियां आकार में व्यस्क मानव जितनी उंची तथा वजनी थीं (अधिक जानकारी के लिए नीचे देखें). ये प्रजाति अंटार्कटिक क्षेत्रों तक ही सीमित नहीं थी; बल्कि इसके विपरीत, अंटार्कटिक उपमहाद्वीप के क्षेत्रों में ज्यादा विविधता मिलती थी और कम से कम एक विशाल पेंगुइन उस क्षेत्र में मिला है जो भूमध्य रेखा के 35 से 2000 किमी दक्षिण से ज्यादा दूर नहीं था तथा जहां का वातावरण आज के अपेक्षाकृत ज्यादा गरम था।

7. पेंगुइन को इंसानों से कोई विशेष डर नहीं लगता है और वे बिना हिचकिचाहट के खोजकर्ताओं के समूहों के पास आते हैं। ऐसा शायद इसलिए है क्योंकि जमीन पर पेंगुइन का अंटार्कटिक या पास के अपतटीय टापुओं पर कोई शिकारी नहीं है।
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Friday, June 15, 2018

कुछ रोचक 08 Animal Facts जो आपको किताबों में नही मिलेगें

कुछ रोचक 08 Animal Facts जो आपको किताबों में नही मिलेगें

1. बंदरों को दो वर्गो में बांटा गया है – पहले प्राचीन दुनिया के बंदर जो ऐशिया और अफ्रीका में पाए जाते है और दूसरे नवीन दुनिया के बंदर जो दक्षिणी अमेरिका में पाए जाते हैं।

2. मनुष्यों के सिवाए केवल बंदर ही एकलौते ऐसे प्राणी है जो केलों के छिलके उतार कर खाते हैं।

3. 'छिपकली', रैपटाइल परिवार का सबसे बड़ा प्रजाति समूह है। छिपकली के आलावा रैपटाइल परिवार में सांप, घड़ियाल, मगरमच्छ, मेढक, और कछुआ जैसी अन्य प्रजातियाँ भी शामिल हैं।

4. छिपकली का वैज्ञानिक नाम 'लाकेर्टिलिआ' (Lacertilia) है।


5. हैरानी की बात है कि छिपकली की पूंछ कई बार उसकी सुरक्षा करती है जब भी कोई दुश्मन छिपकली को उसकी पूंछ से पकड़ता है तो छिपकली अपनी पूंछ का वह हिस्सा अपने शरीर से अलग कर देती है।

6. कोमोडो ड्रागन प्रजाति की छिपकली दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी और खतरनाक छिपकली है। यह 10 फुट लम्बी और 300 पौंड भारी होती है। ऐसा कहा जाता है कि कोमोडो ड्रागन इंसानों को भी नहीं छोड़ती है

7. दुनियाभर में छिपकलियों की 5,600 प्रजातियां हैं वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार छिपकलियों का अस्तित्व धरती पर 200 मिलियन साल पुराना है

8. ‘कुत्ते से सावधान’ यह चेतावनी प्राचीन रोम के एक शहर के घर के दरवाजे पर लिखी पायी गयी हैं. (करीब 2761 साल पहले).

9. FIDO नाम के, अब्राहिम लिंकन के कुत्ते का भी कत्ल किया गया था.


10. ग्रीक और बुलगारिया में एक युद्ध सिर्फ इसलिए लड़ा गया था क्योंकि ग्रीक का एक कुत्ता बुलगारिया का border पार कर गया था.
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Wednesday, June 13, 2018

List of All revolution in India

List of All Revolutions:
• Black Revolution – Petroleum Production

• Blue Revolution – Fish Production

    Dr Hiralal Chaudhary is also considered as the Father of Blue revolution in India.

• Brown Revolution – Leather/non-conventional(India)/Cocoa production

• Golden Fibre Revolution – Jute Production

• Golden Revolution – Fruits/Overall Horticulture development/Honey Production

                 Father Of Golden Revolution : Nirpakh Tutej

• Green Revolution – Food grains

   MSSwaminathan is known as the "Father of Indian Green Revolution" for his leadership       and success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India.

   Norman Ernest Borlaug is known as the father of the green revolution.

• Grey Revolution – Fertilizer

• Pink Revolution – Onion production/Pharmaceutical (India) /Prawn production

            Father Of Pink Revolution : Durgesh Patel

• Red Revolution – Meat & Tomato Production -VISHAL TEWARI

• Round Revolution – Potato

• Silver Fiber Revolution – Cotton

• White Revolution (In India: Operation Flood) – Milk/Dairy production

         Father Of White Revolution : Verghese Kurien

• Yellow Revolution – Oil Seeds production

• Evergreen Revolution – Overall development of Agriculture
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Tuesday, June 12, 2018

The Living World Notes

Lifethe condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death.

The Living World 

           

Life is the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death.


Life is a characteristics quality that differentiates an inanimate(non_livings)objects from the animate(living) forms.

CHARACTERISTICS EXHIBITED BY LIVING ORGANISMS –

Growth,
Reproduction,
Ability to sense environment and mount a suitable response,
Metabolism,
Ability to self-replicate,
Self-organise,
Interact and
Emergence.
1. Reproduction process of producing young ones by living things.
                     Asexual Reproduction  do  not  invovle the fusion of gametes or sex cells , e.g, Amoeba
                     Sexual Reproduction  Invovles the fusion of gametes, e.g.,humans

2. Consciousness​   the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings & ability of an organism to sense their environment.

3. Adaptation   Adaptation, in biology, process by which an animal or plant species becomes fitted to its environment.
                            Short Term Adaptation   Temporary changes to responds to changing environment.                                                                       e.g, hibernation and aestivation
                            Long Term adaptation permanent changes in response to changing environment,                                                                          e.g., humming birds

4. Metabolism the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

                                 Catabolism involves all of the metabolic processes that tear down biomolecules,
                                 Anabolism is all of the metabolic processes that build biomolecules

5. Thermoregulation Process of regulation body temperature.
                                                       Heat stroke  Increase in body temperature above normal level
                                                       Hypothermia  decrease in body temperature below normal level

​BIODIVERSITY   

Biodiversity the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable. Biological diversity encompasses microorganism, plants, animals and ecosystems such as coral reefs, forests, rainforests, deserts etc

SYSTEMATICS

In biology, systematics is the study and classification of living things; in other words, grouping organisms based on a set of rules (or system).

Two Kinds of Systematics :-Systematics can be divided into two closely related and overlapping levels of classification:

taxonomic (known as the Linnaean System) and phylogenetic.

Taxonomic classifications group living things together based on shared traits - usually what they look like or what their bodies do. For example, animals that lay eggs and have scales we call reptiles, and animals that have live births and have fur or hair we call mammals.
Phylogenetic classifications use the taxonomic names, but further group organisms by how evolutionary related they are to one another.
It is study of the units of the biodiversity, It attempts to classify the diversity of organisms on the basis of following four fields viz,
identification. classification, nomenclature and taxonomy.

​Identification It aims to  identify the correct name and position of an organism in the already established classification system It is done with the help of Keys. Key is a list of alternate characters. An organism can be identified easily  by selecting and eliminating the characters present in the key.

Classification  It involves the scientific grouping of identified organism into convenient categories or taxa based  on some easily observable and fundamental characters.

The various categories are kingdom, phylum,class, order, family, genus and species.

Nomenclature After classification, organism are subjected to a format of two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature. It consists of two components, i.e., generic name and specific epithet 
  • For example,  in Mangifera indica, 'Mangifera' is the generic name and 'indica'  is the specific name of mango. This system was proposed by C Linnaeus (a Swedish Botanist) in (1753) in his book Species Plantarum.
  • An organism is known by different names in different languages. It would be impossible for any person to remember the names of an organism in all the languages. Hence, there is need for a uniform system of nomenclature of organisms. A uniform system of nomenclature and identification helps the scientists in systematic study of living beings. ICBN (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature) applies to the plants and ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature) applies to the animals.

  • General Rules for Nomenclature:

  • Biological names are usually written in Latin. They are written in italics.
  • A biological name usually contains two terms. The first term shows the genus, while the second term shows the species.
  • Biological name is underlined, when it is handwritten.
  • The first term of the biological name begins with a capital letter. The second and the subsequent terms begin with the small letter.                  

           Codes for Biological Nomenclature    

      
             5 codes of nomenclature which helps to avoid errors, duplication and ambiguity in scientific names.

                                      These codes are as follows

                   I
CBN    INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
      ICZN    INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
      ICVN    INTERNATIONAL CODE OF VIRAL NOMENCLATURE
      ICBN    INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BACTERIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
      ICNCP INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE FOR CULTIVATED
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